Occlusion-crossing devices, atherectomy devices, and imaging

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods for producing and identifying characteristic (“crescent shaped”) regions indicative of an atherectomy plaque within a vessel, and systems and devices adapted to take advantage of this characteristic region.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/162,353, filed on May 23, 2016, titled “OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES,ATHERECTOMY DEVICES, AND IMAGING,” now U.S. Pat. No. 11,135,019, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/675,867, filedNov. 13, 2012, titled “OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES, ATHERECTOMY DEVICES,AND IMAGING,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,345,406, which claims the benefitunder 35 U.S.C. 119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/559,013, filed Nov. 11, 2011, titled “ATHERECTOMY METHODS ANDDEVICES.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/675,867 also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/433,049,filed Mar. 28, 2012, titled “OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES, IMAGING, ANDATHERECTOMY DEVICES,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,644,913. Each of which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the sameextent as if each individual publication or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The devices, methods and systems described herein are related to thetreatment, identification, and removal of atheroma. In particular,described herein are systems, methods, devices and techniques foridentifying distinguishing morphology in vessel images to direct ororient interventional devices.

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death within the UnitedStates for men and women. It is characterized by a buildup of material(often fatty) in the internal lumen of the coronary arteries. It is alsoassociated with the hardening of the arterial walls. The buildup ofmaterial commonly starts on one side of the vessel and grows across theopen lumen. As such, the last point of patency often occurs at theboundary between the material deposit (disease) and the healthy vessel.

Atherectomy is the process of removing diseased tissue from a stenosedlumen so as to restore patency and blood flow. There currently exist anumber of devices that facilitate atherectomy. However, the operation ofsuch devices has a number of shortcomings. In some instances, the activeelement of the atherectomy device acts equally in all directions,requiring the device to reside in the center of the diseased portion tomaintain optimum efficacy. In other instances, the active element isdirectional but as such needs some method of visualization to orient theactive element with respect to the diseased tissue. In many instances,the method of visualization that is employed is angiography, which isonly capable of giving a silhouette of the open lumen.

Further, minimally invasive techniques for treating coronary arterydisease, such as atherectomy, typically involve the placement of aguidewire through the occlusion prior to performing the atherectomy. Forexample, a chronic total occlusion (CTO) device can be used to place aguidewire through the occlusion and ultimately cross through theocclusion. Unfortunately, placement of the guidewire, while critical foreffective treatment, may be difficult. In particular, when placing aguidewire across an occlusion, it may be difficult to pass the guidewirethrough the occlusion while avoiding damage to the artery. For example,it is often difficult to prevent the guidewire from directing out of thelumen into the adventitia and surrounding tissues, potentially damagingthe vessel and preventing effective treatment of the occlusion.

Moreover, minimally invasive surgical procedures to treat coronaryartery disease depend on the precise positioning and manipulation ofinterventional devices. Guidance provided by high-resolution imaging canenable the characterization of tissue and lesion properties in vivoprior to treatment. As the majority of atherogenesis occurs in aneccentric fashion within the artery, therapeutic tools that have onboardimaging provide a distinct opportunity to selectively treat the diseasedportion of a vessel. Even with on-board imaging techniques, however, itcan be difficult to interpret the images so as to properly orient andsteer the interventional devices as needed.

Accordingly, there is a need for a consistent and precise mechanism forsteering or orienting occlusion-crossing, atherectomy, or otherinterventional devices. The invention described herein is based on thenovel realization that a characteristic morphology (or morphologicalstructure) may be visualized when (or after) passing a structure throughthe lumen of a vessel containing an atherectomy plaque mass (atheroma).

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention relates to methods of forming and/or identifyingcharacteristic morphologies within a vessel that indicate the presence,orientation and location of plaque masses within the vessel. Alsodescribed are devices to image, identify, and use this characteristicmorphology (e.g., morphological structure) to orient a device, and/orremove or navigate the plaque in the peripheral or coronary vasculature.

In general, in one embodiment, a method of identifying an atherectomyplaque mass in a vessel includes applying circumferential radial forcewithin the vessel to displace a rigid plaque mass and force the vesselwall to stretch away from the device; imaging the vessel to create animage; and identifying crescent-shaped structures associated with anatherectomy plaque in the image.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the followingfeatures. The method can further include identifying the orientation ofa plaque mass based on the directionality of the crescent-shapedstructures. The method can further include identifying the position of aplaque mass relative to outer layered structures of a vessel wall basedon the crescent-shaped structures. Imaging the vessel can includeimaging the vessel with optical coherence tomography. The method canfurther include inserting a device into the vessel, and the device canapply the circumferential radial force. Imaging the vessel can includeimaging with an imaging sensor attached to the device. The method canfurther include orienting the device within the vessel based on thecrescent-shaped structures. Orienting the device can include pointing adirectional cutter at a plaque mass identified based upon thecrescent-shaped structure. Orienting the device can include directingthe device based upon the relationship between markers in the image andthe crescent-shaped structures. The method can further include rotatingthe imaging sensor to obtain the image.

In general, in another embodiment, a method of identifying anatherectomy plaque mass within a vessel includes the steps of: applyingcircumferential radial force within the vessel to displace a rigidplaque mass and forcing the vessel wall to stretch away from the device;visualizing the vessel wall following the application of circumferentialradial force; and identifying crescent-shaped structures. Thecrescent-shaped structures may be formed by the application ofcircumferential radial force from within the lumen of the vessel.

This and other embodiments may include one or more of the followingfeatures. The method may also include the step of identifying theorientation of a plaque mass based on the directionality of thecrescent-shaped structures. In some variations, the method may alsoinclude the step of identifying the position of a plaque mass relativeto the outer layered structures of a vessel based on the crescent-shapedstructures. In some variations, the method may also include the step oforienting a device or therapeutic tool within the vessel based on thecrescent-shaped structures.

Any of the methods described herein can be carried out by a controller.Thus, an imaging system can be configured to detect, label, and/orhighlight the characteristic morphological structures and/or use them toautomatically detect or suggest the location of an atheroma.

In general, in one embodiment, an atherectomy device includes a distalend configured to dissect plaque from within a vessel. The deviceincludes an elongate catheter body, a troweled distal tip extending fromthe catheter body and a rotatable cutter. The troweled distal tip has acurved outer surface configured to conform to an outer vessel and ascooped inner edge configured to at least partially plane along theplaque. The rotatable cutter is at least partially within the troweleddistal tip.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the followingfeatures. The device can further include an OCT sensor near or on therotatable cylindrical cutter and configured to image radially into thevessel. The device can further include an inner lumen opening throughthe rotatable cutter into which material cut by the device may bedriven. The rotatable cutter can be partially covered by the curvedouter surface and can be partially exposed proximate to the scoopedinner edge. The device can be configured to self-orient within thevessel.

In general, in another embodiment, an atherectomy device includes adistal end configured to dissect an atherectomy plaque using visual cuesgenerated by a device with on-board optical coherence tomography, thedevice comprising: an elongate catheter body; a distal tip having ashaped opening (which may be a beveled opening, a trowel-shaped opening,or a tongue-shaped opening); a rotatable cylindrical cutter at leastpartially within the troweled or tongue-shaped opening; an OCT sensornear or on the rotatable cylindrical cutter and configured to imagearound the periphery of the catheter and into the vessel; and an innerlumen open through the rotatable cutter into which atherectomy materialmay be driven.

This and other embodiments can include one or more of the followingfeatures. The device may include a rotatable drive shaft for rotatingthe cutting element (cylindrical cutter) and/or the OCT sensor. Otherelements may also or alternatively be included. In some variations, thedistal tip is generally trowel or shovel-shaped in order to match themorphology of the plaque/wall interface revealed by the characteristiccrescent shape described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-3 show examples of OCT images from within the lumen of a bloodvessel, illustrating the crescent-shaped morphology described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates one variation of an atherectomy device adapted asdescribed herein.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an exemplary device with markers configured todisplay on an OCT image.

FIG. 7 illustrates one method of detecting crescent-shaped structuresindicative of the boundaries of an atheroma as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When crossing an occlusion of a blood vessel and imaging the vessel,such as with optical coherence tomography (OCT), an unexpected, yetpredictable and characteristic morphology (or geometry) can beidentified. The resulting characteristic morphology, described furtherherein, is formed at the boundary between the layered vessel wallstructures and a plaque mass when crossing a chronic total occlusion(CTO) with a catheter or crossing device such as those described in:U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/689,748, filed Jan. 19, 2010, titled“GUIDEWIRE POSITIONING CATHETER,” now Publication No.US-2010-0274270-A1; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/108,433, filedApr. 23, 2008, titled “CATHETER SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR BORING THROUGHBLOCKED VASCULAR PASSAGES,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,062,316; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/829,277, filed Jul. 1, 2010, titled “ATHERECTOMYCATHETER WITH LATERALLY-DISPLACEABLE TIP,” now Publication No.US-2011-0004107-A1; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/829,267, filedJul. 1, 2010, titled “CATHETER-BASED OFF-AXIS OPTICAL COHERENCETOMOGRAPHY IMAGING SYSTEM,” now Publication No. US-2010-0021926-A1; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/790,703, filed May 28, 2010, titled“OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR BIOLOGICAL IMAGING,” now PublicationNo. US-2010-0305452-A1; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/175,232,filed Jul. 1, 2011, titled “ATHERECTOMY CATHETERS WITH LONGITUDINALLYDISPLACEABLE DRIVE SHAFTS,” now Publication No. US-2012-0046679-A1; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/433,049, filed Mar. 28, 2012, titled“OCCLUSION-CROSSING DEVICES, IMAGING, AND ATHERECTOMY DEVICES,” nowPublication No. US-2012-0253186-A1, each of which is herein incorporatedby reference in its entirety. The characteristic morphology may formedas a result of a dissection plane that is generated between a plaquemass and the lumen walls while traversing a vascular lesion, e.g., inperipheral and coronary CTO intervention.

As described herein, the resulting morphology is highly characteristicand can be used to obtain information with respect to the position ofthe disease within and with respect to the vessel. This information canalso be utilized in real-time to orient the therapeutic portion of adevice (e.g., atherectomy cutter or pre-shaped tip, etc.) toward diseaseand away from healthy tissue.

Using an imaging modality, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT),it is possible to visualize the shape or geometry that is created whenadvancing a device through a vascular lesion, such as a CTO. In someinstances, the distinguishing shape or morphology that results whenpassing through a vascular lesion is a crescent-shaped feature (or apair of such features) which may be formed around the circumference ofthe device, as shown in FIGS. 1-3.

In FIGS. 1-3, the images are gathered by an occlusion-crossing catheterhaving a rotatable distal tip which allows the tip to be driven past theoccluded region. The images in FIGS. 1-3 are generated by rotating anOCT imaging sensor around the lumen of the vessel. The tip of thecatheter may be rotated both (or either) clockwise or counterclockwise.The rate of rotation may be constant or variable, and may be betweenabout 1 and about 5000 rpms. The OCT imaging sensor may be located onthe catheter (e.g., at or near the distal end), and the sensor may berotated to enable circumferential imaging of the lumen (by rotating anend portion of the catheter, for example). The catheter may be held in arelatively fixed position within the lumen of the vessel or it may bemoved longitudinally through the lumen while obtaining the images.

For example, FIG. 1 shows an OCT image taken from a catheter equipped totake OCT images from within a lumen of a vessel that is at leastpartially occluded. In this example, a catheter (which may include theOCT imaging catheter) has been inserted past the occluded region shown.In FIG. 1, the tip of the catheter has already passed through thisoccluded region of the vessel, and OCT image 100 was taken of the vesselafter passage of the tip.

The image 100 shown includes a black circle 110, which is representativeof the device itself. Around the black circle 110 extends a dark portion112. The dark portion 112 forms a semi-circular-like shape (or a “D”shape) with a rounded portion 108 on one side and a substantially linearportion 109 on the other side (note that the substantially linearportion is shorter than the rounded portion 108 and can be slightlybowed in the opposite direction). The rounded portion 108 and thesubstantially linear portion 109 meet in characteristic crescents or“crescent wings” 101 a, 101 b (in this image 100 at the 11 and 4 o'clockpositions, respectively) to give a “cat ear” shaped profile. Thecrescent wings 101 a, 101 b point inwards (towards the substantiallylinear portion 109) to frame an amorphous structure 111 indicating aplaque mass in the vessel. In contrast, the rounded portion 108 liesagainst layered structures 113 of different contrast, indicating healthytissue of the vessel (e.g., intima, adventitia, media).

Although the inventions described herein are not bound by any particulartheory, the characteristic morphology of bracketing crescents (“catears”) shown and described with respect to FIG. 1 is may be primarilydue to the tendency for a device inserted within the vessel to trackalong the side of a plaque mass (between the plaque mass and the vesselwall) rather than through the plaque mass. As the device tracks alongthe side of the plaque mass, the wall of the vessel stays intact andstretches, thereby bowing out in a substantially circumferential manneralong with the device (forming the rounded portion 108). In contrast,the plaque mass may undergo little, if any, stretching, therebymaintaining a substantially straight profile (forming the substantiallylinear portion 109). The dark portion 112 may be formed as blood iscleared by flushing through a lumen on the device or peripheralapparatus. The pointed portion of the crescent wings 101 a, 101 b mayform as a result of the healthy tissue stretching around thecylindrically-shaped device, which is positioned between the plaque massand the vessel outer wall (e.g., adventitia). Further, the black circle110 is a feature that is added (e.g., by software) into the image toindicate the approximate shape and location of the device relative tothe environment; the OCT sensor in this example does not image withinthe device itself.

Thus, the characteristic morphology described with respect to FIG. 1 maybe mainly due to the tendency for a device placed within a cloggedvessel to track along the side of a plaque mass. The morphology alongthis path may promote anisotropic stretching around the device. Whencircumferential radial forces are applied in this space, the rigidplaque mass is less likely to accommodate the introduced device, forcingthe more compliant vessel wall to preferentially stretch away from thedevice. When visualized with onboard imaging, this morphology appears ascrescent-shaped edges, with wings (crescent edges) that occur on eachside of a plaque region. These wings (also referred to as crescents orcat ears) are typically bowed in one direction, forming a half-moonshape, as shown in FIG. 1. The directionality of these wings may beindicative of the position of a plaque mass relative to the outerlayered structures of a vessel, e.g., the smaller side of the shape maybe on the side of the plaque region. This shape is consistent withpredications based on the relative compliance of vessel wall structuresand disease.

Additional representative OCT images 200, 300 are also shown in FIGS. 2and 3. Each image 200, 300 includes the same or similar characteristicmorphology as described with respect to FIG. 1. The images 100, 200, and300 all show the morphology in a slightly different orientation (forexample, the crescent wings 101 a, 101 b are in the 11 o'clock and 4o'clock positions in image 100 and the crescent wings 101 a, 101 b inthe 6 o'clock and 10 o'clock positions in the FIG. 300). The secondcrescent shape in FIG. 2 101 b is partially hidden behind the referencestructure 744 a. This difference in orientation between the images is aresult of the varying nature of disease within a vessel and is dependenton the path that a CTO-crossing device takes while traversing through alesion. This orientation may actively change while traversing a devicethrough a diseased segment of a vessel.

The characteristic morphology shown in FIGS. 1-3 can be used as a markerto provide a real-time roadmap during an interventional procedure indiseased vasculature to aid in device placement. That is, thecrescent-shaped characteristic features, with a plaque mass on one sideand layered wall structures on the other, can be used as a clear guideduring interventional procedures in the peripheral or coronaryvasculature.

Further, the tip of an atherectomy and/or imaging device (including, forexample, the cutting element or occlusion-crossing element) can berepositioned toward a plaque mass using the crescent morphology as aguide, enabling a device to track along the true lumen of a CTO andavoid perforation of the vessel. A therapeutic tool may also bepositioned using this feature to remove or modify a plaque mass andavoid the outer wall structures of a vessel, preventing vesselperforation.

In one embodiment, marker features (e.g., fiducial markers) on thedevice can assist in aligning the device in the desired orientationrelative to the crescent morphology. The markers can be configured toobstruct imaging from the OCT sensor at least once per rotation of therotatable tip. For example, the markers on the device can be aradiopaque material (e.g., a metal) that can be seen in high contrastduring fluoroscopy or a material that reflects or absorbs optical beamsfrom the OCT system (e.g., metal, dense polymer, carbon powder). Asdescribed in more detail below, the imaging system may also beconfigured to identify, mark, and/or highlight these characteristiccrescent morphological shapes and to display them as real-time markers.Other markers may also be shown by the imaging system, including makersdisplayed on the image that indicate the radial orientation of thedevice, structures in the tissue, etc. For example, markers may beoverlaid on the image to achieve a similar result to physical markers onthe catheter (e.g., electrically, magnetically, or in software). In somevariations, a marker can be aligned with a distinguishing feature of theinserted device (e.g., catheter), such as a fixed jog or exposed cutter,to aid in steering or cutting with the device.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5, an occlusion-crossing device 500 caninclude a chassis 405 having three window regions 346 separated byspines 419 (which may be referred to as posts, struts, dividers,separators, etc.) arranged annularly around the chassis 405. Thesespines 419 may serve as reference markers as the imaging sensor 286rotates and views the tissue through the windows 346. For example,spines may produce reference regions 744 a, 744 b, and 744 c such asthose shown in FIGS. 1-3. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, thespines 419 can be aligned relative to a jog 989 in the device (here suchthat the middle spine 419 b is aligned opposite to the jog direction989). This relative orientation can assist in pointing the jog and thusthe end of the device in the desired direction.

The markers can thus produce corresponding reference regions in theimages. Thus, in FIGS. 1-3, reference regions 744 a, 744 b, 744 c in theform of striped rays indicate the locations of the markers or spines 419a, 419 b, 419 c, respectively, on the device 500. The reference regions744 a, 744 b, 744 c can thus indicate the orientation of the distal endof the catheter within the body.

During a CTO procedure, one goal may be to steer the catheter towardsthe plaque or unhealthy tissue. Because the middle spine 419 b isaligned opposite to the jog 989 (as shown in FIG. 6), the ray 744 bcorresponding to the middle spine 419 b can be oriented opposite to thenon-healthy tissue or plaque 111 (indicated by the substantially linearportion 109 between the crescent wings 101 a, 101 b) to steer thecatheter in the correct direction. FIG. 1 shows the catheter deflectedtoward the layered, healthy tissue. FIG. 2 shows the catheter rotatedsuch that it is deflected toward the unhealthy, non-layered structure.

Thus, the system may be configured to allow the orientation of thecatheter to be rotated into the correct position using fixed directionalmarkers and the characteristic crescent wing morphology of the OCTimages. It is to be understood that, although the images 100, 200, 300are described as resulting from using a device similar to theocclusion-crossing device 500 that other device designs can be steeredusing the same morphology (for example, devices having differentreference markers).

The crescent morphology described here can also provide direct,real-time feedback during an interventional procedure for general devicerepositioning based on the thickness of the layered wall structures,helping prevent perforation of the vessel. For example, the crescentmorphology may indicate a plaque, however if the nearby layered wallstructures appear to be very thin and perivascular structures can beseen in the OCT images beyond the layered structures, it is possiblethat the vessel is close to being perforated. In this case, the OCTimage may serve as a warning sign, and the physician may pull the deviceproximal to reposition for a different approach.

An imaging system, and particularly an OCT imaging system as described,may be configured to detect, label, and/or highlight the crescent-shapedmorphological structures in an image, and/or use them to automaticallydetect or suggest the location of an atheroma. For example, an imagingsystem may include a controller configured to automatically identify thecrescent-shaped morphology within the OCT images. In some variations,this analysis is done separately from the imaging system (e.g., eitherconcurrent or in real-time, or later, including as a post-procedureanalysis). Likewise, in some embodiments, a controller can be configuredto orient or steer a device through the vessel based upon images showingthe characteristic crescent-shaped morphology. Standard image-processingalgorithms may be used or adapted for use to identify the characteristicpair of crescents, which typically occur from the lumen of the vessel,radiating outward into the vessel wall. An imaging and/orimage-processing system may execute (e.g., as executable code, firmware,software, hardware, etc.) image analysis logic that can determine if thecrescent-shaped morphological structures are present in an image and/orindicate that they are present on the image. For example, analysis logicmay determine if the structures are present in an OCT image, and mayalso identify them in any appropriate manner, e.g., by marking, etc.Likewise, the imaging and/or image-processing system may execute imageanalysis logic that can determine the direction in which thecrescent-shaped structures point and, thus, the location of an atheromatherebetween.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic of one variation of a method of implementing anautomatic detection of the crescent-shaped structures as discussedabove. At step 701, an image, such as an OCT image, from within ananatomical lumen is obtained. At step 703, it can be determined whetherthere is a crescent-shaped structure radiating from the lumen in theimage. If so, then it can be determined at step 705 whether there is asecond crescent-shaped structure radiating from the lumen in the image.If so, then, at step 707, the first and second crescent-shapedstructures can be used to identify anatomical structures within thelumen, such as a plaque mass and/or healthy tissue within the lumen.

Devices or systems, including atherectomy devices and/or systems, can bedesigned to take advantage of the morphology resulting from the crossingof the lesion and the previously unsuspected ability to reliablydetermine atheroma using these newly-recognized morphological markers.For example, a device may include a pre-shaped tip region that slideseasily along/between the crescent shaped morphology. Thus, a therapeutictool may take a shape that fits into the form factor provided by thismorphology, facilitating advancement through a lesion, treatment of aplaque mass, and/or delivery of a therapeutic agent (e.g.,pharmaceutical).

Thus, a device can utilize the shape that is formed at the boundarybetween the healthy vessel and the disease when the open lumen isdistended by a dissection device. The device can utilize a form factorwhich matches that of the dissection that is observed at the interfacebetween the disease and the healthy vessel. The profile of the tip ofthe device is formed into the crescent shape described above.

For example, referring to FIG. 4, in one variation, the distal end of anatherectomy device 400 having a rotating cutter may be adapted to takeadvantage of the characteristic morphology of the vessel. As shown inFIG. 4, the atherectomy device can include an elongate catheter body 401and a rotatable cutter 410 near the distal end of the catheter body 401.The elongate body can end in a beveled tip 422 (i.e. with a troweled ortongue-shaped opening) that extends distally past the rotatable cutter410 on one side of the cutter 410 and proximal of the rotatable cutter410 on the other side of the cutter 410. The troweled or tongue-shapedtip 422 is thus configured to protect a portion of the rotatable cutter410 while the exposed portion of the cutter 410 is configured to beplaced in the cleft of the crescent. The troweled or tongue-shaped tip422 has an outer curved surface configured to slide along the healthytissue of the vessel wall and a scooped inner edge 452 configured to atleast partially plane along the lesion. Thus, referring to FIGS. 1-3,the outer curved surface is configured to be placed against the roundedportion 108 and the proximal end of the scooped inner edge 452 isconfigured to plane between the cat ears 101 a, 101 b. Such aconfiguration would thus place the cutter 410 against the substantiallylinear portion 109.

In one embodiment, the cutter 410 can be actuated by a hollow drivecable which also acts to capture and store the material that is excisedfrom the interior of the vessel. The drive cable can reside in the lumenof the catheter body. Further, in one embodiment, an optical fiber canrun through the drive cable. The distal end of the optical fiber can bemounted on the cutter. The optical fiber can thus run from the cutter tothe proximal connector of the device. The proximal connector provides away to both optically and mechanically couple the fiber and drive cableto the system driving the device. The optical fiber can provide a way togenerate an image of the cross-section of the vessel via OCT.

The device 400 can be easily redirected based on features apparent inthe OCT image, such as this crescent wing morphology, by promoting ablunt dissection along which the tip 422 of the device 400 will track.The orientation of the device can be adjusted via visual cues generatedby the OCT, such as the crescent wings. The final orientation of thedevice can be defined by the conformance of the shape of the tip 422 ofthe device 400 with the dissection plane, as described above. Advancingthe device 400 pushes the cutter 410 into the linear section visible inthe OCT image that is indicative of diseased tissue. In doing so, thedisease region may be excised and forced into the hollow center of thedrive cable. Further advancing of the device 400 pushes more diseaseinto the cutter 410. Continuing the distal movement of the device to thedistal point of the stenosis creates a patent lumen facilitating bloodflow and the passage of a wire or other adjunct device past the disease.Removal of the drive cable/cutter assembly from the center of the deviceduring the procedure would facilitate using the device sheath as anexchange or delivery catheter.

The device described herein has several advantages. For example, thedevice facilitates atherectomy in the coronary vasculature viaimage-guided cutting. Moreover, it offers a safe way to perform theprocedure by orienting the device such that the tip 422 protects thehealthy vessel wall from damage by the cutter.

In addition to a device having a pre-shaped tip configured to conform tothe crescent-shaped tissue morphology described above, in someembodiments a device can be configured to self-orient through thevessel. In other words, the outer curved surface could automaticallyalign with the healthy, stretched outer tissue layers (e.g., adventitia)while the beveled edge and thus the cutter could automatically alignwith the occlusion. In some embodiments, therefore, the device may notrequire an imaging sensor.

Additional details pertinent to the present invention, includingmaterials and manufacturing techniques, may be employed as within thelevel of those with skill in the relevant art. The same may hold truewith respect to method-based aspects of the invention in terms ofadditional acts commonly or logically employed. Also, it is contemplatedthat any optional feature of the inventive variations described may beset forth and claimed independently, or in combination with any one ormore of the features described herein. Likewise, reference to a singularitem, includes the possibility that there are plural of the same itemspresent. More specifically, as used herein and in the appended claims,the singular forms “a,” “and,” “said,” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is furthernoted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. Assuch, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use ofsuch exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only” and the like inconnection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative”limitation. Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical andscientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs. The breadth of the present invention is not to be limited bythe examples described herein, but only by the plain meaning of theclaim terms employed.

1. (canceled)
 2. A system comprising: an elongate imaging catheter bodycomprising a sensor; a controller; and a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium including contents that are configured to causethe controller to perform a method comprising: obtaining, from thesensor on the elongate imaging catheter body, an image from within ablood vessel; and automatically detecting, labeling, and/or highlightingone or more crescent-shaped morphological structures in the image. 3.The system of claim 2, wherein the method performed by the controllerfurther comprises automatically detecting a location of an atheromabased on the detected one or more crescent-shaped morphologicalstructures.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the method performed bythe controller further comprises determining a direction in which theone or more crescent-shaped morphological structures point.
 5. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the method performed by the controllerfurther comprises determining a direction in which one or more of theone or more crescent-shaped morphological structures point anddetermining a location of an atheroma based on the direction.
 6. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the method performed by the controllerfurther comprises detecting a location of healthy tissue based on thedetected one or more crescent-shaped morphological structures.
 7. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein the method performed by the controllerfurther comprises displaying the detected one or more crescent-shapedmorphological structures as real-time markers.
 8. The system of claim 2,wherein the method performed by the controller further comprises, basedupon images showing a characteristic one or more crescent-shapedmorphology, aligning or steering the elongate imaging catheter bodythrough the blood vessel.
 9. The system of claim 2, wherein the elongateimaging catheter further comprises one or more reference markers,wherein the one or more reference markers are configured to producecorresponding reference regions in the image.
 10. The system of claim 2,wherein the sensor comprises an optical coherence tomography (OCT)sensor on the elongate imaging catheter body.
 11. The system of claim 2,further comprising a rotatable cylindrical cutter at or near a distalend of the elongate imaging catheter body.
 12. A system comprising: anelongate imaging catheter body comprising a sensor; a cutter on theelongate imaging catheter body at or near a distal end of the elongateimaging catheter body; and a controller comprising a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium including contents that are configured to causethe controller to perform a method comprising: obtaining, from thesensor on the elongate imaging catheter body, an image from within ablood vessel; automatically detecting, labeling, and/or highlighting oneor more crescent-shaped morphological structures in the image; andindicating a location of an atheroma based on the detected one or morecrescent-shaped morphological structures.
 13. The system of claim 12,wherein the method performed by the controller further comprisesdetermining a direction in which the one or more crescent-shapedmorphological structures point and determining the location of theatheroma based on the direction.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein themethod performed by the controller further comprises detecting alocation of healthy tissue based on detected one or more crescent-shapedmorphological structures.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the methodperformed by the controller further comprises displaying detected one ormore crescent-shaped morphological structures as real-time markers onthe image.
 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the method performed bythe controller further comprises, based upon images showing acharacteristic one or more crescent-shaped morphology, aligning orsteering the elongate imaging catheter body through the blood vessel.17. The system of claim 12, further comprising one or more referencemarkers on the elongate imaging catheter body, wherein the one or morereference markers are configured to produce corresponding referenceregions in the image.
 18. The system of claim 12, wherein the sensorcomprises an optical coherence tomography (OCT) sensor on the elongateimaging catheter body.
 19. A method of identifying an atheroma within ablood vessel, the method comprising: inserting a device into the bloodvessel; imaging the blood vessel with a sensor of the device to createan image; identifying a location and orientation of a plurality ofpointed crescent-shaped structures extending radially from asubstantially semi-circular central portion in the image, wherein acontroller automatically identifies the pointed crescent-shapedstructures; and determining a position of an atheroma within the bloodvessel relative to the device based upon the identified location andorientation of the pointed crescent-shaped structures in the image. 20.The method of claim 19, wherein the substantially semi-circular centralportion comprises a substantially rounded portion and a substantiallylinear portion, each pointed crescent-shaped structure extending from ajunction of the substantially rounded portion and the substantiallylinear portion.
 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising, with thecontroller, automatically orienting or steering the device through theblood vessel based upon a characteristic crescent-shaped morphology.